PMC

The representative HPLC chromatogram of gastrodin (1), p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol (2), parishin B (3), and parishin A (4) in Gastrodiae rhizoma steaming samples (A) and standard solution (B).

The differences of DL properties between authentic and sulfur fumigation herbal materials. a1 Angelicae sinensis radix (whole materials); a2 Angelicae sinensis radix (sulphur fumigation sample, whole materials); a3 DL decay curves. Data are plotted as the mean ± SEM. Note that the data are plotted on a log–log scale; a4 Histograms comparing the DL properties between Angelicae sinensis radix and its sulphur fumigation sample. Mean ± SD, *p < 0.05; b1 Dioscoreae rhizoma (sliced materials); b2 Dioscoreae rhizoma (sulphur fumigation sample, sliced materials); b3 DL decay curves. Data are plotted as the mean ± SEM. Note that the data are plotted on a log–log scale; b4 Histograms comparing the DL properties between Dioscoreae rhizoma and its sulphur fumigation sample. Mean ± SD, *p < 0.05; c1 Gastrodiae rhizoma (whole materials); c2 Gastrodiae rhizoma (sulphur fumigation sample, whole materials); c3 DL decay curves. Data are plotted as the mean ± SEM. Note that the data are plotted on a log–log scale; c4 Histograms comparing the DL properties between Gastrodiae rhizoma and its sulphur fumigation sample. Mean ± SD, *p < 0.05

WERG-H improved cognitive impairment in AD mouse model. Control, D-gal 120 + AlCl₃ 10 mg/kg. bwt (D-gal + AlCl₃), D-gal 120 + AlCl₃ 10 + Oxiracetam 298 mg/kg. bwt (D-gal + Oxira), D-gal 120 + AlCl₃ 10 + Rhizoma Gastrodiae water extract 300 mg/kg. bwt (D-gal + WERG-H), D-gal 120 + AlCl₃ 10 + Rhizoma Gastrodiae water extract 200 mg/kg. bwt (D-gal + WERG-M), D-gal 120 + AlCl₃ 10 + Rhizoma Gastrodiae water extract 100 mg/kg. bwt (D-gal + WERG-L). Experimental protocols and prevention strategies (A); the escape latency during training (104–107 days) (B); escape latency (107 days) (C); after removal of the platform, through the platform times (90 s) (D). Data were expressed as mean ± SD (n = 8). “*” presented significant difference at p < 0.05 levels, “**” presented significant difference at p < 0.01 level, “***” presented significant difference at p < 0.001 level.

Effects of GRWE on sucrose preference before and after CUMS procedure. Results are expressed as mean ± SEM (n = 12). Data were analyzed by t-test and one-way ANOVAs, followed by Tukey's post hoc test. ^#P < 0.05 vs. the control group; ^∗P < 0.05 and ^∗∗P < 0.01 vs. the CUMS group. CUMS: chronic unpredictable mild stress; GRWE: Gastrodiae Rhizoma water extract; FH: fluoxetine hydrochloride; SEM: standard error of the mean.